ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF NINE COUNTRIES BASED ON GEM

Abstract

This study examines the determinants of entrepreneurial intention (EI) across nine countries using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Expectancy Confirmation Theory (ECT), the study investigates relationships among personal attitude (PI), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and three mediating factors: High Status of Entrepreneurs (HS), High Job Expectations (HJE), and Entrepreneurship as a Good Career Choice (GCC). Analyzing 169 valid samples from 2001 to 2023 using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM), the findings reveal that PBC significantly influences HJE and GCC, positively shaping EI. However, HS negatively impacts EI, as societal perceptions of high-status entrepreneurs raise entry barriers and diminish self-efficacy. Additionally, early entrepreneurial activity (TEA) does not significantly affect HS, reflecting evolving attitudes toward entrepreneurship as less exclusive. These insights imply the need to re-evaluate societal narratives around entrepreneurship and create educational programs to boost realistic expectations and self-efficacy. This article is intended for policymakers, educators, and researchers in entrepreneurship. Policymakers can use the findings to design inclusive policies, educators can develop targeted training programs, and researchers can expand the theoretical understanding of cross-national entrepreneurial behavior. This study contributes by integrating GEM data with TPB and ECT frameworks, offering a comprehensive understanding of global EI determinants and practical insights for fostering entrepreneurial ecosystems.